The mining sector continues to be the backbone of Botswana’s economy, despite efforts to diversify. Mining is still, by some measures, the largest contributor to gross domestic product (GDP), generates the majority of export earnings, and makes a major contribution to government revenues. The use of mineral revenues is, therefore, of critical importance for sustainable development.The decision to include the construction of mineral accounts in the WAVES project reflects the importance of the mining sector and the need to ensure that appropriate decisions aretaken regarding the investment of mineral revenues to provide for future economic growth.